(Unofficial) Record-breaking temperature across the Globe

---

Feel free to read the interesting history of these web pages: http://coolwx.com/history.php

---

This page displays global cities that are currently approaching, matching, or exceeding
unofficial daily/monthly/all-time record temperatures.

Please read the important notes at the very bottom of this page before using this data.

Move the mouse over a colored dot on the images to view the information on the temperature record.

** Note: As of 19 February 2024, the almanac has been updated to include all of 2023's data. **

Last updated at Sun Sep 27 13:32:48 UTC 2026 using 2549 observations from 13UTC

Unofficially, there are currently 44 stations that have broken their daily high record, 22 that are tying it, and 83 that are near it.
Unofficially, there is currently 1 station that has broken their daily low record, 0 that are tying it, and 4 that are near it.

---

LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:

	Daily Close	Daily Tied	.	Daily Broken	Monthly Tied/Broken	All-time Tied/Broken
HIGH RECORD	##.#	##.#		##.#	##.#	##.#
LOW RECORD	##.#	##.#		##.#	##.#	##.#

LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:

	Daily Close	Daily Tied	.	Daily Broken	Monthly Tied/Broken	All-time Tied/Broken
HIGH RECORD	##.#	##.#		##.#	##.#	##.#
LOW RECORD	##.#	##.#		##.#	##.#	##.#

Table Units: [ Fahrenheit | Celsius ]

ID	City	Country	Current Temp & Trend (°C)	Unofficial Daily / Monthly / Alltime Record (°C)	Margin of Unofficial Daily Record (°C)	Database Length (years)	ID
LFSB	Bale-Mulhouse	France	30.0 ▲	26.7    33.2    39.1 (1992)  (2023)  (2003)	+3.3	52	LFSB
EDTL	Lahr, CAN-AFB	Germany	30.0 ▲	27.0    32.0    38.0 (1976)  (2023)  (2003)	+3.0	51	EDTL
EDDS	Stuttgart-Echterdingen	Germany	29.0 ▲	26.0    32.7    41.1 (2023)  (1943)  (1941)	+3.0	70	EDDS
LFST	Strasbourg	France	29.0 ▲	26.2    33.3    39.0 (2011)  (2023)  (2015)	+2.8	56	LFST
EDDF	Frankfurt / M-Flughafen	Germany	29.0 ▲	26.2    33.2    40.0 (1946)  (1947)  (2019)	+2.8	83	EDDF
EDDR	Saarbruecken / Ensheim	Germany	28.0 ▲	26.0    32.2    38.0 (1992)  (1962)  (2019)	+2.0	54	EDDR
LSZH	Zurich-Kloten	Switzerland	26.0 ▲	24.0    31.7    38.0 (1988)  (1987)  (2003)	+2.0	67	LSZH
ETHS	Fassberg	Germany	25.0	23.0    32.0    39.0 (2023)  (2024)  (2022)	+2.0	60	ETHS
EDVK	Kassel / Calden	Germany	26.0 ▲	24.0    31.0    37.0 (2023)  (2016)  (2022)	+2.0	36	EDVK
EDVE	Braunschweig	Germany	27.0 ▲	25.0    33.0    39.0 (2023)  (2016)  (1992)	+2.0	47	EDVE
EDTY	Schwaebisch Hall	Germany	27.0 ▲	25.0    32.2    37.0 (1976)  (1943)  (2015)	+2.0	48	EDTY
EDFH	Hahn	Germany	26.0 ▲	24.0    31.0    36.0 (2011)  (2020)  (2003)	+2.0	70	EDFH
EDLW	Dortmund / Wickede	Germany	28.0	26.1    32.0    39.0 (1937)  (2018)  (2019)	+1.9	49	EDLW
EDDW	Bremen	Germany	25.0 ▲	23.2    32.2    37.6 (1992)  (1949)  (1992)	+1.8	66	EDDW
EDFM	Baden Wurttemberg, Neuostheim	Germany	29.0 ▲	27.2    33.8    40.0 (1992)  (1949)  (2019)	+1.8	49	EDFM
LFSD	Dijon	France	28.0 ▲	26.5    34.0    39.5 (2011)  (2023)  (2019)	+1.5	51	LFSD
LFSX	Luxeuil	France	29.0 ▲	27.6    33.1    39.0 (2023)  (2023)  (1983)	+1.4	51	LFSX
OIAG	Omidieh	Iran	46.0	44.7    50.1    52.6 (2016)  (2023)  (2011)	+1.3	41	OIAG
ORBI	Baghdad	Iraq	43.0	42.0    48.3    51.7 (2018)  (2024)  (2020)	+1.0	37	ORBI
ETNT	Wittmundhaven	Germany	23.0 ▲	22.0    31.0    36.0 (2023)  (2016)  (1992)	+1.0	52	ETNT
ETNN	Noervenich	Germany	28.0 ▲	27.0    33.0    40.0 (1992)  (2020)  (2019)	+1.0	52	ETNN
SPME	Tumbes	Peru	32.0	31.0    42.2    42.2 (1997)  (2020)  (2020)	+1.0	51	SPME
LSZB	Bern / Belp	Switzerland	26.0 ▲	25.0    31.0    37.0 (2013)  (2023)  (2019)	+1.0	35	LSZB
ETWM	Meppen-Mil	Germany	24.0	23.0    32.0    39.0 (2023)  (2016)  (2019)	+1.0	49	ETWM
ETSB	Buechel	Germany	25.0	24.0    31.0    36.0 (1992)  (2020)  (2003)	+1.0	52	ETSB
ETNW	Wunstorf	Germany	26.0 ▲	25.0    32.2    39.7 (1983)  (1999)  (2022)	+1.0	58	ETNW
ETHN	Niederstetten	Germany	26.0 ▲	25.0    31.0    37.0 (1992)  (2003)  (2003)	+1.0	52	ETHN
EDLP	Paderborn / Lippstadt	Germany	26.0 ▲	25.0    32.0    37.0 (1992)  (2016)  (2003)	+1.0	42	EDLP
LSGG	Geneve-Cointrin	Switzerland	28.0 ▲	27.2    32.7    39.7 (1961)  (1962)  (2015)	+0.8	67	LSGG
LFSN	Nancy / Essey	France	28.0 ▲	27.2    34.3    40.1 (2023)  (2020)  (2019)	+0.8	54	LFSN
LFQG	Nevers	France	29.0 ▲	28.2    35.3    39.7 (2018)  (2023)  (2021)	+0.8	51	LFQG
EDDK	Koeln / Bonn	Germany	28.0 ▲	27.2    33.0    40.0 (1933)  (2018)  (2019)	+0.8	73	EDDK
FPST	S. Tome	Sao Tome and Principe	32.0 ▲	31.2    42.0    42.0 (2012)  (1975)  (1975)	+0.8	37	FPST
EHGG	Groningen Airport Eelde	Netherlands	23.0 ▲	22.2    32.2    37.0 (2023)  (1949)  (2019)	+0.8	61	EHGG
LFPN	Toussus Le Noble	France	27.0 ▲	26.2    35.1    41.0 (2023)  (2023)  (2019)	+0.8	39	LFPN
LFPM	Melun	France	27.0 ▲	26.2    34.3    42.0 (2023)  (2020)  (2019)	+0.8	39	LFPM
LFOE	Evreux	France	27.0 ▲	26.2    35.3    41.0 (2018)  (2023)  (2019)	+0.8	66	LFOE
LFSO	Nancy / Ochey	France	27.0 ▲	26.3    34.2    40.0 (2023)  (2020)  (2019)	+0.6	52	LFSO
LFOP	Rouen	France	25.0 ▲	24.3    34.2    41.2 (2018)  (2023)  (2019)	+0.6	52	LFOP
ETHL	Laupheim	Germany	25.0 ▲	24.3    32.0    37.0 (2000)  (1973)  (2003)	+0.6	52	ETHL
ETAR	Ramstein	Germany	28.6 ▲	28.0    32.7    38.7 (2011)  (2020)  (2015)	+0.6	71	ETAR
LFLV	Vichy	France	30.0 ▲	29.7    36.3    41.2 (2018)  (1987)  (2019)	+0.3	52	LFLV
OSDZ	Deir Ezzor	Syria	39.0 ▲	38.7    43.2    48.7 (2001)  (2010)  (1998)	+0.2	50	OSDZ
SCDA	Iquique / Diego Arac	Chile	22.0	21.8    22.7    33.0 (1997)  (1994)  (2016)	+0.1	44	SCDA
OIAW	Ahwaz	Iran	45.0 ▼	45.0    50.0    54.0 (2020)  (2023)  (1993)	0.0	43	OIAW
LPPS	Porto Santo	Portugal	27.0	27.0    34.3    36.0 (2023)  (1988)  (1979)	0.0	52	LPPS
LFSI	St-Dizier	France	27.0 ▲	27.0    35.0    41.3 (2023)  (2020)  (2019)	0.0	52	LFSI
LEVD	Valladolid / Villanubla	Spain	29.0 ▲	29.0    38.0    40.0 (1983)  (1988)  (2022)	0.0	52	LEVD
LEAM	Almeria / Aeropuerto	Spain	31.0	31.0    38.0    41.1 (2016)  (1981)  (2022)	0.0	52	LEAM
ETNH	Hohn	Germany	22.0 ▲	22.0    30.0    38.0 (2023)  (2016)  (1976)	0.0	47	ETNH
ETHF	Fritzlar	Germany	26.0 ▲	26.0    32.8    38.1 (1992)  (1947)  (2022)	0.0	59	ETHF
ETHC	Celle	Germany	26.0	26.0    32.0    39.2 (2000)  (2009)  (2022)	0.0	67	ETHC
EGSH	Norwich Weather Centre	United Kingdom	23.0 ▲	23.0    31.0    37.0 (2018)  (2023)  (2022)	0.0	38	EGSH
EGMC	Southend-On-Sea	United Kingdom	23.0	23.0    31.0    37.0 (2018)  (2023)  (2022)	0.0	37	EGMC
EGGW	Luton Airport	United Kingdom	21.0	21.0    31.0    39.0 (2018)  (2016)  (2022)	0.0	37	EGGW
EDJA	Memmingen Allgau	Germany	26.0	26.0    31.1    37.0 (1976)  (1943)  (1984)	0.0	55	EDJA
LFOB	Beauvais	France	26.0	26.1    35.0    41.6 (1941)  (2023)  (2019)	-0.1	54	LFOB
ETIK	Illesheim	Germany	25.9 ▲	26.0    32.3    39.0 (1976)  (2024)  (2003)	-0.1	71	ETIK
EDDV	Hannover	Germany	27.0	27.2    32.2    39.0 (1938)  (1949)  (2022)	-0.1	73	EDDV
LFOJ	Orleans	France	27.0 ▲	27.2    35.0    41.0 (2011)  (2023)  (2019)	-0.1	52	LFOJ
ETEB	Ansbach / Katterbach	Germany	23.7 ▲	24.0    33.7    37.0 (2011)  (2021)  (1994)	-0.3	65	ETEB
EGSS	Stansted Airport	United Kingdom	22.0	22.2    32.0    39.0 (1985)  (2023)  (2022)	-0.1	52	EGSS
ETOU	Wiesbaden	Germany	26.9 ▲	27.0    34.1    38.8 (1983)  (1953)  (2019)	-0.1	82	ETOU
OEHL	Hail	Saudi Arabia	39.0	39.2    44.0    48.0 (2024)  (2009)  (1985)	-0.2	52	OEHL
OICS	Sanandaj	Iran	34.0	34.2    40.1    47.0 (2019)  (2024)  (1977)	-0.2	44	OICS
ETAD	Spangdahlem	Germany	26.7 ▲	27.0    32.7    38.5 (1992)  (2020)  (2019)	-0.3	70	ETAD
LFBA	Agen	France	31.0	31.5    36.7    42.5 (2023)  (2005)  (2023)	-0.5	52	LFBA
LIRQ	Firenze / Peretola	Italy	30.0	30.6    38.0    43.2 (2018)  (2024)  (2012)	-0.6	60	LIRQ
LFPB	Paris / Le Bourget	France	26.0	26.6    35.2    42.1 (2023)  (2023)  (2019)	-0.6	53	LFPB
LFPV	Villacoublay	France	25.0	25.7    34.1    40.2 (2023)  (2023)  (2019)	-0.6	54	LFPV
OIAI	Masjed-Soleyman	Iran	42.0	42.7    48.0    51.0 (2020)  (2024)  (2011)	-0.7	41	OIAI
LFYR	Romorantin	France	29.0	29.7    36.0    42.0 (1985)  (2020)  (2019)	-0.6	37	LFYR
LFLY	Lyon / Bron	France	28.0	28.7    35.0    41.3 (2018)  (2020)  (2023)	-0.6	52	LFLY
ORMM	Basrah	Iraq	45.0	45.7    50.0    56.0 (2018)  (2018)  (2013)	-0.7	46	ORMM
OITT	Tabriz	Iran	31.0	31.7    38.1    44.0 (2002)  (2024)  (1993)	-0.6	51	OITT
HKNK	Nakuru	Kenya	30.0	30.7    35.6    41.0 (1993)  (2005)  (1980)	-0.6	61	HKNK
OICC	Kermanshah	Iran	34.0	34.8    40.2    47.0 (2023)  (2024)  (1978)	-0.7	52	OICC
OISF	Fasa	Iran	36.0	37.0    42.0    47.0 (2024)  (2006)  (1977)	-1.0	44	OISF
OEWD	Wadi Al Dawasser Airport	Saudi Arabia	41.0 ▼	42.0    46.0    49.0 (2008)  (2007)  (2004)	-1.0	35	OEWD
OETF	Taif	Saudi Arabia	35.0	36.0    40.6    44.0 (2024)  (2000)  (2001)	-1.0	52	OETF
OERK	King Khaled Intl Arpt	Saudi Arabia	41.0 ▼	42.0    46.7    49.7 (1997)  (2019)  (2004)	-1.0	42	OERK
OERF	Rafha	Saudi Arabia	43.0	44.0    49.3    54.7 (2019)  (2019)  (2006)	-1.0	57	OERF
OEPA	Al Qaysumah	Saudi Arabia	43.0 ▼	44.0    49.0    54.0 (2019)  (1979)  (1995)	-1.0	57	OEPA
OEMA	Madinah	Saudi Arabia	43.0	44.0    46.3    53.5 (2023)  (1988)  (1988)	-1.0	62	OEMA
LSGS	Sion	Switzerland	26.0	27.0    35.0    42.0 (1975)  (2023)  (2023)	-1.0	67	LSGS
LFML	Marseille / Marignane	France	28.0	29.0    34.1    40.0 (2011)  (2016)  (1983)	-1.0	64	LFML
LFMH	St-Etienne Boutheon	France	31.0	32.0    36.0    41.1 (2013)  (1987)  (2015)	-1.0	51	LFMH
LFLC	Clermont-Ferrand	France	30.0	31.0    37.0    41.0 (2013)  (1987)  (2019)	-1.0	51	LFLC
LFBP	Pau	France	31.0	32.0    38.8    39.7 (2018)  (2022)  (2010)	-1.0	52	LFBP
LEGR	Granada / Aeropuerto	Spain	33.0	34.0    43.1    46.0 (2023)  (2016)  (2021)	-1.0	52	LEGR
HKEM	Embu	Kenya	29.0	30.0    35.7    38.3 (2013)  (2011)  (2006)	-1.0	46	HKEM
HBBA	Bujumbura	Burundi	33.0	34.0    38.0    39.0 (2023)  (1977)  (1978)	-1.0	48	HBBA
GCLA	La Palma / Aeropuerto	Spain	29.0	30.0    39.7    39.7 (1990)  (2015)  (2015)	-1.0	57	GCLA
GCHI	Hierro / Aeropuerto	Spain	29.0	30.0    38.0    40.3 (1983)  (2001)  (2012)	-1.0	52	GCHI
FTTC	Abeche	Chad	38.0	39.0    41.5    48.0 (2023)  (1991)  (1974)	-1.0	45	FTTC
ETSI	Ingolstadt	Germany	24.0	25.0    33.0    39.0 (1976)  (1973)  (1983)	-1.0	57	ETSI
ETHB	Bueckeburg	Germany	26.0	27.0    33.0    38.1 (1992)  (2016)  (2003)	-1.0	52	ETHB
ENKB	Kristiansund / Kvernberget	Norway	19.0	20.0    25.0    32.0 (2017)  (2016)  (2018)	-1.0	52	ENKB
EGPB	Sumburgh Cape	United Kingdom	14.0	15.0    30.0    30.0 (2017)  (2000)  (2000)	-1.0	48	EGPB
EGLF	Farnborough	United Kingdom	21.0	22.0    31.0    37.0 (2018)  (2023)  (2022)	-1.0	37	EGLF
EDXW	Westerland / Sylt	Germany	20.0	21.0    30.0    34.0 (2021)  (2016)  (1994)	-1.0	36	EDXW
EDHL	Luebeck-Blankensee	Germany	23.0	24.0    32.0    38.0 (2023)  (2024)  (1992)	-1.0	41	EDHL
EDHI	Hamburg-Finkenwerder	Germany	23.0	24.0    31.0    39.0 (2023)  (2018)  (2022)	-1.0	37	EDHI
EDDL	Duesseldorf	Germany	26.0	27.0    34.0    40.0 (1992)  (2020)  (2019)	-1.0	54	EDDL
EDDH	Hamburg-Fuhlsbuettel	Germany	23.0	24.0    31.7    39.0 (2023)  (1949)  (2022)	-1.0	73	EDDH
LFQB	Troyes	France	27.0	28.0    35.0    42.0 (2023)  (2020)  (2019)	-1.0	50	LFQB
HKLO	Lodwar	Kenya	37.0	38.0    44.0    51.0 (2013)  (1976)  (2017)	-1.0	59	HKLO
LFTW	Nimes / Garons	France	28.0	29.1    35.2    44.1 (1988)  (2016)  (2019)	-1.1	52	LFTW
LFLL	Lyon / Satolas	France	27.0	28.1    34.2    40.0 (2018)  (2023)  (2023)	-1.1	50	LFLL
FNUB	Lubango	Angola	30.0	31.1    33.0    38.8 (1958)  (2019)  (1967)	-1.1	41	FNUB
ETMN	Nordholz	Germany	23.0	24.1    30.0    37.0 (1946)  (2018)  (1992)	-1.1	54	ETMN
EGUN	Mildenhall Royal AFB	United Kingdom	22.3	23.3    33.0    39.0 (2011)  (2023)  (2022)	-1.0	49	EGUN
EDDN	Nuernberg	Germany	25.0	26.1    32.0    38.6 (1934)  (2024)  (1983)	-1.1	69	EDDN
SBIL	Ilheus Aeroporto	Brazil	28.0	29.2    30.0    41.0 (1997)  (1991)  (1995)	-1.2	42	SBIL
SCAR	Arica	Chile	21.0	22.2    29.0    40.0 (1957)  (1973)  (1975)	-1.2	59	SCAR
SBAR	Aracaju Aeroporto	Brazil	29.0	30.2    32.7    39.2 (1997)  (1988)  (1987)	-1.2	41	SBAR
OIAA	Abadan	Iran	44.0 ▼	45.2    50.1    54.0 (2017)  (2017)  (1992)	-1.2	64	OIAA
LFRG	St. Gatien	France	24.0	25.2    32.2    39.3 (2011)  (2016)  (2019)	-1.2	45	LFRG
LFOH	La Heve	France	24.0	25.2    33.0    38.2 (2011)  (2016)  (2022)	-1.2	48	LFOH
LFBD	Bordeaux / Merignac	France	30.0	31.2    37.5    41.2 (2018)  (2022)  (2019)	-1.2	62	LFBD
EGBB	Birmingham / Airport	United Kingdom	21.0	22.2    29.0    37.0 (1985)  (2023)  (2022)	-1.2	52	EGBB
DXXX	Lome	Togo	31.0	32.2    39.0    43.0 (2007)  (1979)  (1981)	-1.2	52	DXXX
LFPG	Paris-Charles De Gaulle	France	25.0	26.2    35.0    41.3 (2023)  (2023)  (2019)	-1.2	51	LFPG
ELLX	Luxembourg / Luxembourg	Luxembourg	24.0	25.2    32.2    39.0 (2011)  (2020)  (2019)	-1.2	60	ELLX
LFOT	Tours	France	27.0	28.2    35.5    41.0 (1985)  (2023)  (2019)	-1.2	51	LFOT
LEBL	Barcelona / Aeropuerto	Spain	27.0	28.2    34.3    37.3 (2011)  (1999)  (2010)	-1.2	52	LEBL
ETIH	Hohenfels	Germany	22.9	24.2    32.0    39.0 (2011)  (1973)  (1983)	-1.3	60	ETIH
LFMY	Salon	France	27.0 ▼	28.3    35.1    43.3 (2023)  (2023)  (2019)	-1.3	39	LFMY
LFMI	Istres	France	27.0	28.3    35.0    44.2 (2011)  (2016)  (2019)	-1.3	51	LFMI
LFBC	Cazaux	France	29.0	30.3    38.0    42.3 (2011)  (2022)  (2022)	-1.3	52	LFBC
LFAT	Le Touquet	France	22.0	23.3    33.0    40.0 (2023)  (2023)  (2022)	-1.3	51	LFAT
LIRV	Viterbo	Italy	27.0	28.5    37.0    40.2 (2023)  (1975)  (2022)	-1.5	53	LIRV
LFLB	Chambery / Aix-Les-Bains	France	25.0	26.5    32.3    40.5 (2019)  (2024)  (2023)	-1.5	51	LFLB
ETSN	Neuburg / Donau	Germany	24.0	25.5    32.0    38.0 (1992)  (2009)  (1983)	-1.5	57	ETSN
EHWO	Woensdrecht	Netherlands	22.0	23.5    34.3    40.2 (2023)  (2020)  (2019)	-1.5	51	EHWO
LTCC	Diyarbakir	Turkey	35.0 ▼	36.6    42.2    47.0 (2004)  (2022)  (1976)	-1.6	62	LTCC
LIMS	Piacenza	Italy	26.0	27.6    34.0    40.3 (2011)  (2008)  (2003)	-1.6	55	LIMS
LFLN	Saint-Yan	France	27.0	28.6    35.6    40.2 (1985)  (2020)  (2019)	-1.6	52	LFLN
EGLL	London / Heathrow Airport	United Kingdom	22.0	23.6    33.0    40.2 (1992)  (2023)  (2022)	-1.6	63	EGLL
DAOI	Chlef	Algeria	35.0	36.6    45.0    48.2 (2013)  (1989)  (2023)	-1.6	58	DAOI
TJNR	Roosevelt Roads, PR	United States	31.1	32.7    38.2    42.2 (2016)  (2002)  (2015)	-1.6	71	TJNR
.
KGPI	Kalispell/Glacier Park, MT	United States	-2.8	-4.3    -7.7   -38.2 (2000)  (1985)  (1979)	+1.5	77	KGPI
KP69	Lowell, ID	United States	3.9 ▲	2.7    -2.1   -23.7 (1993)  (1985)  (1989)	+1.2	38	KP69
CWSW	Sparwood / Elk Valley	Canada	-3.0	-4.0    -8.0   -40.0 (1984)  (2000)  (2024)	+1.0	44	CWSW
KCTB	Cut Bank, MT	United States	-4.4	-5.0    -9.3   -42.2 (1961)  (1957)  (1994)	+0.6	80	KCTB
CYBL	Campbell River Airport	Canada	-1.0	0    -2.0   -21.0 (1984)  (1983)  (1982)	-1.0	48	CYBL
ID	City	Country	Current Temp & Trend (°C)	Unofficial Daily / Monthly / Alltime Record (°C)	Margin of Unofficial Daily Record (°C)	Database Length (years)	ID

Table Units: [ Fahrenheit | Celsius ]

LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:

	Daily Close	Daily Tied	.	Daily Broken	Monthly Tied/Broken	All-time Tied/Broken
HIGH RECORD	##.#	##.#		##.#	##.#	##.#
LOW RECORD	##.#	##.#		##.#	##.#	##.#

---

       Important Notes:

• The source of the historical data here is the NCDC GSOD (updated through 2024 as of 13 August 2025).
• The records are defined here using GMT, with the day resetting at 00GMT (7PM EST;8PM EDT).
• These records are NOT official and differ from official records that use a longer database and local (not GMT) time.
• Only cities having an NCDC GSOD recorded history of at least 35 years are shown here.
• With the additional year of data available (2024), 83 new stations (for a total of 3823) now meet the 35 year minimum record.
• In cases when there are multiple years of records for a city, the latest (most recent) year is shown above.
• Note that given the relatively short record used here (as small as 35 years), records will almost assuredly be set somewhere every day for the next several decades to centuries.
• Appreciation to R. Maue, E. Blake, and R. Remondelli, among several others, for feedback.