COOLWX HOME

RECORDS HOME

OTHER COOLWX PAGES
    Coolwx Hit Images
    Extreme Weather
    Global Forecasts
    Hourly Model Forecasts
    Mesoscale Analysis
    Obs. Weather Database
    Offshore Weather Data
    Precipitation Type
    Record Breakers
    U.S. Weather Statistics


HISTORICAL ANIMATIONS
    Globe: Past 24 hours
    Globe: Past week
    Globe: Past month
    Globe: Past 3 months
    Globe: Past year


    USA: Past 24 hours
    USA: Past week
    USA: Past month
    USA: Past 3 months
    USA: Past year


    Europe: Past 24 hours
    Europe: Past week
    Europe: Past month
    Europe: Past 3 months
    Europe: Past year


Top* Global Record Counts since
July 2010 (pink=past week):

High+Low Temp. Records:
   #01: 12Z 13 Nov 2019 (271)
   #02: 13Z 07 Jan 2014 (256)
   #03: 13Z 15 Feb 2021 (247)
   #04: 12Z 20 Feb 2015 (234)
   #05: 13Z 01 Jan 2018 (221)
   #06: 14Z 27 Feb 2019 (217)
   #07: 13Z 12 Nov 2019 (207)
   #08: 23Z 20 Sep 2016 (202)
   #09: 14Z 26 Feb 2019 (199)
   #10: 13Z 21 Sep 2016 (199)
   #11: 12Z 25 Jul 2019 (198)
   #12: 14Z 19 Apr 2018 (195)
   #13: 13Z 16 Feb 2021 (192)
   #14: 23Z 19 Sep 2016 (184)
   #15: 14Z 14 Feb 2021 (183)

High Temp. Records:
   #01: 14Z 27 Feb 2019 (211)
   #02: 23Z 20 Sep 2016 (200)
   #03: 13Z 21 Sep 2016 (198)
   #04: 14Z 26 Feb 2019 (193)
   #05: 14Z 19 Apr 2018 (193)
   #06: 23Z 19 Sep 2016 (183)
   #07: 23Z 16 Sep 2016 (183)
   #08: 19Z 10 Nov 2020 (181)
   #09: 20Z 21 Mar 2012 (177)
   #10: 20Z 02 Oct 2019 (176)
   #11: 21Z 18 Mar 2012 (174)
   #12: 16Z 07 Apr 2011 (173)
   #13: 14Z 25 Jul 2019 (168)
   #14: 20Z 08 Nov 2020 (167)
   #15: 23Z 17 Sep 2016 (167)

Low Temp. Records:
   #01: 12Z 13 Nov 2019 (258)
   #02: 13Z 15 Feb 2021 (231)
   #03: 12Z 20 Feb 2015 (228)
   #04: 13Z 07 Jan 2014 (222)
   #05: 13Z 01 Jan 2018 (205)
   #06: 13Z 12 Nov 2019 (194)
   #07: 13Z 16 Feb 2021 (177)
   #08: 14Z 14 Feb 2021 (176)
   #09: 10Z 09 May 2020 (173)
   #10: 06Z 04 Feb 2012 (167)
   #11: 13Z 02 Jan 2018 (164)
   #12: 12Z 19 Nov 2014 (160)
   #13: 13Z 26 Jan 2026 (147)
   #14: 12Z 24 Feb 2015 (147)
   #15: 14Z 26 Oct 2020 (146)

*Note:
   Multiple times in day not listed


Go back to main page.

(Unofficial) Record-breaking temperatures across the Globe

(Unofficial) Record-breaking temperature across the Globe


Feel free to read the interesting history of these web pages: http://coolwx.com/history.php


This page displays global cities that are currently approaching, matching, or exceeding
unofficial daily/monthly/all-time record temperatures.

Please read the important notes at the very bottom of this page before using this data.

Move the mouse over a colored dot on the images to view the information on the temperature record.

** Note: As of 19 February 2024, the almanac has been updated to include all of 2023's data. **

Last updated at Thu Mar 5 20:32:46 UTC 2026 using 2520 observations from 20UTC

Unofficially, there are currently 20 stations that have broken their daily high record, 27 that are tying it, and 77 that are near it.
Unofficially, there are currently 0 stations that have broken their daily low record, 0 that are tying it, and 1 that is near it.


LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:
Daily Close
Daily Tied
.
Daily Broken
Monthly
Tied/Broken
All-time
Tied/Broken
HIGH
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
LOW
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#

LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:
Daily Close
Daily Tied
.
Daily Broken
Monthly
Tied/Broken
All-time
Tied/Broken
HIGH
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
LOW
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#

Table Units: [ Fahrenheit | Celsius ]

ID
CityCountry
Current
Temp &
Trend
(°C)
Unofficial Daily /
Monthly /
Alltime
Record (°C)
Margin of
Unofficial
Daily
Record (°C)
Database
Length
(years)
ID
EHSC
GoereeNetherlands
15.0   
 13.2    19.8    36.2
(2013)  (2017)  (2019)
+1.8
45
EHSC
KPSK
Dublin / New River Valley, VAUnited States
23.7   
 22.0    30.5    38.0
(2004)  (2020)  (2012)
+1.7
38
KPSK
KPBF
Pine Bluff, ARUnited States
28.3 ▲
 26.6    33.2    43.2
(1994)  (1974)  (2011)
+1.7
60
KPBF
KHEZ
Natchez / Hardy, MSUnited States
28.3 ▲
 26.7    32.2    40.0
(2023)  (1982)  (2023)
+1.6
51
KHEZ
KMSL
Muscle Shoals, ALUnited States
27.8 ▲
 26.6    30.6    41.7
(1983)  (2020)  (2007)
+1.2
60
KMSL
K1V4
Saint Johnsbury, VTUnited States
9.4 ▼
  8.2    34.0    47.0
(2024)  (1987)  (1987)
+1.2
37
K1V4
KSPG
St. Petersburg, FLUnited States
30.0 ▼
 29.0    31.1    38.8
(1997)  (2020)  (2008)
+1.0
37
KSPG
ENST
Sandnessjoen / StokkaNorway
11.0   
 10.0    13.0    32.0
(2024)  (1989)  (2019)
+1.0
46
ENST
ENSD
Sandane / AndaNorway
12.0 ▲
 11.0    15.0    30.0
(1992)  (2007)  (2019)
+1.0
41
ENSD
ENKB
Kristiansund / KvernbergetNorway
12.0 ▲
 11.0    16.0    32.0
(2009)  (2007)  (2018)
+1.0
52
ENKB
KPOE
Fort Polk, LAUnited States
27.9 ▲
 27.0    31.7    42.0
(1997)  (1974)  (2000)
+0.8
64
KPOE
KGWO
Greenwood, MSUnited States
28.3   
 27.3    31.1    44.0
(1945)  (2020)  (1998)
+1.0
62
KGWO
KLWB
Lewisburg / Greenbrier, WVUnited States
23.0 ▲
 22.2    29.7    56.0
(1992)  (2020)  (2005)
+0.8
52
KLWB
KCTY
Cross City, FLUnited States
31.0 ▲
 30.2    33.8    42.2
(2022)  (1949)  (2010)
+0.8
56
KCTY
KTRI
Bristol, TNUnited States
25.6 ▲
 25.0    29.3    40.0
(2022)  (1954)  (1993)
+0.6
77
KTRI
KLCH
Lake Charles, LAUnited States
27.8 ▲
 27.2    32.2    42.7
(2022)  (2008)  (2023)
+0.6
81
KLCH
KVAD
Moody AFB, GAUnited States
29.7 ▲
 29.3    32.1    40.7
(1989)  (2020)  (1943)
+0.3
79
KVAD
KSEM
Craig Field / SelmaUnited States
29.0   
 28.8    31.1    42.2
(1976)  (1968)  (1952)
+0.1
47
KSEM
SBPP
Ponta Pora IntlBrazil
33.0   
 33.0    38.6    39.0
(2012)  (1987)  (1981)
0.0
49
SBPP
MMLP
La Paz Intl ArptMexico
35.0   
 35.0    39.0    42.7
(2016)  (2007)  (1980)
0.0
50
MMLP
KVSF
Springfield, VTUnited States
8.9 ▼
  8.8    30.0    39.3
(2024)  (1998)  (2002)
0.0
37
KVSF
KRMG
Rome, GAUnited States
26.7   
 26.7    31.1    42.2
(2022)  (2020)  (2012)
0.0
67
KRMG
KPDK
Atlanta, GAUnited States
24.4   
 24.3    36.1    40.6
(2022)  (2022)  (2012)
0.0
44
KPDK
KMSY
New Orleans, LAUnited States
27.8 ▲
 27.7    31.7    41.6
(2020)  (2020)  (1976)
+0.1
80
KMSY
KMLU
Monroe, LAUnited States
28.9 ▲
 28.8    32.7    42.2
(2022)  (1974)  (2023)
0.0
70
KMLU
KCSV
Crossville, TNUnited States
22.2   
 22.2    27.7    39.3
(1983)  (2007)  (1993)
0.0
54
KCSV
KARA
New Iberia, LAUnited States
27.8   
 27.7    30.6    42.7
(2023)  (2023)  (2023)
+0.1
46
KARA
ESNQ
Kiruna AirportSweden
1.0   
  1.0     9.1    30.2
(2014)  (2022)  (2021)
0.0
48
ESNQ
ENSG
Sogndal / HaukasenNorway
6.0   
  6.0    12.5    30.0
(2014)  (2014)  (2019)
0.0
40
ENSG
ENRS
Rost FlyplassNorway
7.0 ▲
  7.0    16.6    23.1
(1992)  (2007)  (2018)
0.0
37
ENRS
ENAL
Alesund / VigraNorway
11.0 ▼
 11.0    22.0    30.0
(1976)  (1975)  (2018)
0.0
52
ENAL
KGLH
Greenville, MSUnited States
26.7 ▲
 26.7    32.7    43.7
(1945)  (1995)  (1993)
0.0
61
KGLH
KMCF
Macdill AFB, FLUnited States
31.1   
 31.2    33.7    38.7
(2024)  (2012)  (1992)
0.0
83
KMCF
KMQY
Smyrna, TNUnited States
25.0 ▲
 25.2    32.2    45.0
(1945)  (2007)  (2012)
-0.1
68
KMQY
KAEX
Alexandria, LAUnited States
28.9 ▲
 29.1    31.2    43.2
(1967)  (1955)  (2023)
-0.2
74
KAEX
ENSR
SorkjosenNorway
3.0 ▲
  3.1    12.3    31.6
(2014)  (2015)  (2018)
-0.1
43
ENSR
SCIP
Isla De PascuaChile
29.0 ▲
 29.2    29.5    36.7
(2013)  (2001)  (1989)
-0.1
56
SCIP
KCVS
Cannon AFB / Clovis, NMUnited States
25.8 ▲
 26.1    31.7    43.2
(1991)  (1946)  (1994)
-0.3
78
KCVS
KHFF
Mackall U. S. Army Airfield, NCUnited States
26.6 ▲
 27.0    32.1    42.0
(2004)  (2020)  (2007)
-0.3
43
KHFF
KOCF
Ocala Municipal, FLUnited States
30.6 ▲
 31.0    34.3    38.0
(1997)  (2020)  (1998)
-0.3
60
KOCF
KCVN
Clovis Municipal, NMUnited States
25.6   
 26.0    31.1    41.7
(2009)  (2022)  (2023)
-0.3
35
KCVN
KBJC
Broomfield / Jeffco, COUnited States
19.0 ▲
 19.3    27.0    40.0
(1987)  (2012)  (2012)
-0.3
44
KBJC
SLPS
Puerto SuarezBolivia
37.0 ▼
 37.5    41.6    49.0
(2020)  (2024)  (1981)
-0.5
51
SLPS
KTCL
Tuscaloosa, ALUnited States
27.8 ▲
 28.2    36.7    44.0
(1974)  (1975)  (2003)
-0.3
59
KTCL
KPHP
Philip, SDUnited States
22.8   
 23.2    30.6    46.7
(2017)  (2012)  (2006)
-0.3
35
KPHP
KMKL
Jackson, TNUnited States
25.0 ▼
 25.5    30.6    41.1
(1983)  (1986)  (2007)
-0.5
59
KMKL
KLRF
Little Rock AFB, ARUnited States
25.6   
 26.1    33.2    44.3
(1956)  (1974)  (2011)
-0.5
69
KLRF
KHSV
Huntsville, ALUnited States
25.6 ▲
 26.1    31.1    41.1
(2022)  (2007)  (2012)
-0.5
67
KHSV
KARG
Walnut Ridge, ARUnited States
22.8 ▲
 23.2    29.0    41.7
(1961)  (2007)  (1954)
-0.3
47
KARG
KESF
Alexandria, LAUnited States
27.2 ▼
 27.7    32.2    44.3
(2022)  (1974)  (1987)
-0.5
75
KESF
KPTN
Patterson Memorial, LAUnited States
26.1   
 26.7    30.0    40.0
(2024)  (2020)  (2002)
-0.5
41
KPTN
KLYH
Lynchburg, VAUnited States
26.1   
 26.7    31.0    39.3
(1976)  (2020)  (1954)
-0.5
77
KLYH
KGNV
Gainesville, FLUnited States
30.0 ▲
 30.6    33.8    42.2
(1985)  (2020)  (2000)
-0.6
54
KGNV
KFTY
Atlanta (Fulton County), GAUnited States
26.1   
 26.7    31.1    41.1
(1992)  (2007)  (1980)
-0.5
52
KFTY
KNQA
Millington, TNUnited States
26.0   
 26.6    31.0    42.0
(1983)  (2012)  (2010)
-0.6
73
KNQA
KMRF
Marfa, TXUnited States
26.1   
 27.0    31.7    40.6
(2009)  (2017)  (1977)
-0.8
71
KMRF
KHOP
Fort Campbell, KYUnited States
23.7   
 24.6    31.0    41.6
(1956)  (1998)  (2012)
-0.9
77
KHOP
KGAD
Gadsden Municipal, ALUnited States
26.1   
 27.0    30.6    40.0
(1997)  (2017)  (2007)
-0.8
38
KGAD
SESA
Salinas / General Ulpiano PaezEcuador
30.0   
 31.0    32.5    40.0
(2024)  (2016)  (1981)
-1.0
36
SESA
MNJU
JuigalpaNicaragua
34.0   
 35.0    37.0    42.0
(2024)  (1998)  (1977)
-1.0
50
MNJU
KHSP
Hot Springs / Ingalls, VAUnited States
19.0   
 20.0    27.0    36.1
(2004)  (1998)  (1988)
-1.0
52
KHSP
ESNZ
Ostersund FrosonSweden
4.0 ▼
  5.0    13.1    30.5
(1979)  (2022)  (2003)
-1.0
48
ESNZ
ENSK
Storkmarknes / SkagenNorway
5.0 ▼
  6.0     9.0    30.0
(2024)  (2016)  (2018)
-1.0
44
ENSK
ENSH
Svolvaer / HelleNorway
5.0   
  6.0     9.1    30.0
(2014)  (2016)  (2018)
-1.0
44
ENSH
ENOV
Orsta-Volda / HovdenNorway
12.0   
 13.0    15.0    33.2
(1992)  (2007)  (2018)
-1.0
41
ENOV
ENGC
Gullfax PlatformNorway
7.0   
  8.0    11.0    25.0
(2024)  (2007)  (2018)
-1.0
36
ENGC
ENFL
FloroNorway
9.0 ▼
 10.0    15.0    31.0
(2024)  (2007)  (2018)
-1.0
44
ENFL
ENBN
Bronnoysund / BronnoyNorway
9.0   
 10.0    14.0    30.7
(2024)  (2022)  (2014)
-1.0
47
ENBN
EGNX
East MidlandsUnited Kingdom
13.0 ▼
 14.0    22.0    39.0
(1989)  (2021)  (2022)
-1.0
44
EGNX
MYSM
Cockburn Town, San SalvadorBahamas, The
27.0   
 28.0    30.0    34.5
(2023)  (2024)  (1986)
-1.0
35
MYSM
KISO
Kinston, NCUnited States
27.0   
 28.0    34.0    39.0
(2004)  (2016)  (2023)
-1.0
56
KISO
KCBM
Columbus AFB, MSUnited States
27.0   
 28.0    33.2    41.0
(1997)  (1995)  (2000)
-1.0
71
KCBM
KGUC
Gunnison, COUnited States
11.7   
 12.7    22.0    33.2
(1990)  (2004)  (1989)
-1.0
52
KGUC
KPRX
Paris / Cox Field, TXUnited States
26.7   
 27.7    31.0    44.0
(2024)  (2006)  (2011)
-1.0
46
KPRX
KPHF
Newport News, VAUnited States
26.7   
 27.7    31.1    44.0
(2004)  (1990)  (2003)
-1.0
52
KPHF
KORF
Norfolk, VAUnited States
27.2   
 28.2    31.2    40.6
(2004)  (1985)  (2010)
-1.0
77
KORF
KLFT
Lafayette, LAUnited States
27.2   
 28.2    31.7    43.2
(1976)  (2023)  (2023)
-1.0
67
KLFT
SKSP
San Andres Isla / SesquicentenarioColombia
30.0   
 31.1    42.0    43.2
(1969)  (1981)  (1991)
-1.1
59
SKSP
NCAI
Amuri/aitutaki ISamoa
31.0   
 32.1    39.5    48.0
(1989)  (1991)  (1975)
-1.1
40
NCAI
MWCR
Owen Roberts Airport Grand CaymanCayman Islands
30.0   
 31.1    32.3    39.0
(1966)  (2003)  (1995)
-1.1
59
MWCR
KTUP
Tupelo, MSUnited States
26.1   
 27.2    31.7    41.7
(2022)  (2020)  (2007)
-1.1
52
KTUP
KMGM
Montgomery, ALUnited States
28.3   
 29.3    32.2    41.1
(2022)  (2023)  (2007)
-1.0
77
KMGM
KHKY
Hickory, NCUnited States
25.0   
 26.1    30.0    40.0
(2004)  (1990)  (2007)
-1.1
59
KHKY
KDYR
Dyersburg, TNUnited States
24.4   
 25.5    29.3    41.0
(1983)  (2017)  (2007)
-1.1
62
KDYR
KBHM
Birmingham, ALUnited States
27.8 ▲
 28.8    31.7    41.1
(1976)  (2017)  (1980)
-1.0
80
KBHM
EBCV
ChievresBelgium
15.0   
 16.1    26.3    40.0
(2013)  (1990)  (2019)
-1.1
52
EBCV
KMGE
Marietta, GAUnited States
25.6   
 26.7    31.0    40.0
(1955)  (2007)  (1983)
-1.1
78
KMGE
SEGU
Guayaquil / Simon BolivarEcuador
33.0   
 34.2    37.2    40.6
(1991)  (1990)  (1982)
-1.2
48
SEGU
SKSM
Santa Marta / Simon BolivarColombia
35.0   
 36.2    40.7    43.2
(2015)  (1991)  (2019)
-1.2
60
SKSM
MUHA
HabanaCuba
31.0   
 32.2    39.0    42.0
(1952)  (1976)  (1976)
-1.2
57
MUHA
PAKT
Ketchikan, AKUnited States
7.0   
  8.2    18.8    31.1
(2021)  (2019)  (1975)
-1.2
53
PAKT
KLFI
Langley AFB, VAUnited States
26.5   
 27.7    32.3    40.6
(1976)  (1945)  (1980)
-1.2
89
KLFI
EGJJ
Jersey AirportUnited Kingdom
12.0 ▼
 13.2    22.0    37.7
(2013)  (2021)  (2022)
-1.2
52
EGJJ
EGJB
Guernsey AirportUnited Kingdom
12.0   
 13.2    20.0    34.2
(1939)  (2021)  (2003)
-1.2
63
EGJB
KOAJ
Jacksonville, NCUnited States
26.7   
 28.0    31.7    39.0
(2015)  (2020)  (2002)
-1.3
47
KOAJ
KBKF
Aurora, COUnited States
19.2   
 20.5    27.0    41.7
(2017)  (2012)  (1981)
-1.3
63
KBKF
SBUR
UberabaBrazil
31.0   
 32.3    39.2    39.2
(1995)  (1986)  (1986)
-1.3
42
SBUR
KMMT
McEntire ANG, SCUnited States
27.6 ▼
 29.0    32.1    41.1
(1997)  (2015)  (1986)
-1.4
65
KMMT
KGTR
Golden Tri, MSUnited States
25.6   
 27.0    31.6    42.0
(1997)  (1995)  (2000)
-1.4
48
KGTR
CWRO
Rose SpitCanada
8.7   
 10.1    12.7    26.5
(2016)  (2024)  (1997)
-1.4
39
CWRO
KFBG
Fort Bragg, NCUnited States
25.8   
 27.2    31.7    41.1
(1974)  (1985)  (1988)
-1.4
63
KFBG
SEMT
MantaEcuador
31.0   
 32.5    35.0    43.7
(2022)  (1982)  (1993)
-1.5
48
SEMT
KMTJ
Montrose, COUnited States
16.7   
 18.2    28.2    47.2
(2000)  (2015)  (2007)
-1.5
50
KMTJ
KNTU
Virginia Beach, VAUnited States
26.7   
 28.2    32.7    40.0
(1961)  (2016)  (1945)
-1.5
80
KNTU
KHOT
Hot Springs, ARUnited States
25.0   
 26.6    35.6    44.0
(1994)  (1987)  (2000)
-1.6
52
KHOT
KBAD
Barksdale AFB, LAUnited States
27.8   
 29.3    32.3    42.2
(1991)  (1946)  (2023)
-1.5
87
KBAD
KNMM
Meridian, MSUnited States
26.1   
 27.7    31.7    43.2
(1997)  (1989)  (1974)
-1.6
64
KNMM
KNJM
Swansboro / Bogue Field, NCUnited States
21.1 ▼
 22.7    35.6    38.8
(2017)  (2017)  (2021)
-1.6
35
KNJM
KILM
Wilmington, NCUnited States
26.1   
 27.7    31.7    41.1
(1967)  (1974)  (1993)
-1.6
63
KILM
KGSB
Seymour-Johnson AFB, NCUnited States
26.6   
 28.2    32.2    43.3
(1961)  (1974)  (2007)
-1.6
72
KGSB
KFAY
Fayetteville, NCUnited States
26.1   
 27.7    32.2    42.7
(1982)  (2020)  (1983)
-1.6
52
KFAY
KELD
El Dorado, ARUnited States
26.1 ▼
 27.7    32.7    44.3
(1991)  (1974)  (2000)
-1.6
59
KELD
KDAN
Danville, VAUnited States
26.1   
 27.7    31.1    40.6
(1976)  (2020)  (1954)
-1.6
59
KDAN
KCHS
Charleston, SCUnited States
27.2   
 28.8    32.3    40.0
(1997)  (1963)  (1986)
-1.6
80
KCHS
KBTR
Baton Rouge, LAUnited States
27.2 ▼
 28.8    31.7    41.1
(1976)  (2020)  (2023)
-1.6
81
KBTR
KANB
Anniston, ALUnited States
27.2   
 28.8    31.7    41.1
(1974)  (1974)  (1983)
-1.6
60
KANB
.
WIII
Jakarta / Soekarno-HattaIndonesia
24.0   
 22.6    20.2    12.2
(2017)  (2003)  (1992)
+1.4
40
WIII
ID
CityCountry
Current
Temp &
Trend
(°C)
Unofficial Daily /
Monthly /
Alltime
Record (°C)
Margin of
Unofficial
Daily
Record (°C)
Database
Length
(years)
ID

Table Units: [ Fahrenheit | Celsius ]

LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:
Daily Close
Daily Tied
.
Daily Broken
Monthly
Tied/Broken
All-time
Tied/Broken
HIGH
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
LOW
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#

       Important Notes:
  • The source of the historical data here is the NCDC GSOD (updated through 2024 as of 13 August 2025).
  • The records are defined here using GMT, with the day resetting at 00GMT (7PM EST;8PM EDT).
  • These records are NOT official and differ from official records that use a longer database and local (not GMT) time.
  • Only cities having an NCDC GSOD recorded history of at least 35 years are shown here.
  • With the additional year of data available (2024), 83 new stations (for a total of 3823) now meet the 35 year minimum record.
  • In cases when there are multiple years of records for a city, the latest (most recent) year is shown above.
  • Note that given the relatively short record used here (as small as 35 years), records will almost assuredly be set somewhere every day for the next several decades to centuries.
  • Appreciation to R. Maue, E. Blake, and R. Remondelli, among several others, for feedback.